Buga Littattafai: Yaya rayuwa akan intanit ta kasance a 300 bits a sakan daya

Kamar yadda abin damuwa zai iya yin sauti, duniyarmu ta wanzu kafin kafofin watsa labarun. Waɗancan lokuta ne masu ban sha'awa tare da ƙarancin haske na kayan abinci na Cheesecake Factory don sukar, ainihin abin almara ya kasa yin dariya kuma ba wani ɗan wake mai ban sha'awa da ake samu don ogling. Babu ko da manyan haruffa na yau da kullun! Mun rayu a matsayin ƴan ƙanƙan damfara, tare da tattausan haske na masu saka idanu na CRT da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran mu, masu daidaita sigina, cikin farin ciki da rashin sanin hayaniyar al'umma wannan sabuwar intanet ɗin da za ta haifar.

A cikin sabon littafinsa, Duniyar Modem: Tarihin Kafafen Sadarwa Na Zamani, marubuci kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Watsa Labarai a Jami'ar Virginia, Kevin Driscoll yayi nazarin kwanakin halcyon na farkon intanit - kafin ma AOL Online - lokacin da BBS ya kasance sarki, WiFi ba har yanzu ra'ayi ba ne, da sauri. na tunanin lantarki ya kai 300 baud.

An cire daga Duniyar Modem: Tarihin Kafafen Sadarwa Na Zamani da Kevin Driscoll. An buga ta Jami'ar Yale Press. Haƙƙin mallaka © 2022 na Kevin Driscoll. An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi.

Tun da wuri, bugun zuciya na duniyar modem yana bugun ta a tsayayyen 300 bits a sakan daya. Rafukan lambobi na binary sun gudana ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar tarho a cikin 7- da 8-bit chunks, ko "bytes," kuma kowane byte ya yi daidai da haruffa guda ɗaya na rubutu. Kwamfuta ta gida ta yau da kullun, wacce aka haɗa har zuwa mai saka idanu na CRT, tana iya nunawa kusan haruffa dubu ɗaya kawai, an tsara su zuwa ginshiƙai arba'in da layuka ashirin da huɗu. A 300 bits a sakan daya, ko 300 "baud," cika dukkan allo ya ɗauki kusan daƙiƙa talatin. Rubutun ya bayyana da sauri fiye da idan wani yana bugawa a ainihin lokacin, amma da wuya ya kasance nan take.

A ƙarshen 1970s, saurin da bayanai ke motsawa ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa na kira ya biyo bayan ƙayyadaddun da Ma Bell ta buga kusan shekaru ashirin da suka wuce. An ƙirƙira shi a farkon shekarun 1960, tsarin AT&T Data-Phone ya ƙaddamar da ingantaccen dabara don sadarwa ta hanyoyi biyu, na'ura zuwa na'ura akan layukan tarho na mabukaci. Duk da cewa an fara siyar da Data-Phone ga manyan kamfanoni don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin ofisoshin daban-daban da cibiyar sarrafa bayanai guda ɗaya. soon ya zama ma'auni na gaskiya don sabis na raba lokaci na kasuwanci, ma'ajin bayanai na kan layi, da ayyukan sadarwar mai son. A cikin 1976, Lee Felsenstein na Kamfanin Kwamfuta na Jama'a ya ƙera kayan aikin modem na DIY wanda ke ba da jituwa tare da tsarin AT&T akan ƙasa da $100. Kuma yayin da sababbin kamfanonin fasaha kamar Hayes Microcomputer Products a Atlanta da US Robotics a Chicago suka fara siyar da modem don kasuwar kwamfuta ta gida, sun tabbatar wa masu amfani da dacewarsu da mizanin “Bell 103”. Maimakon yin gasa akan saurin gudu, waɗannan kamfanoni sun siyar da masu sha'awar sha'awa akan abubuwan "masu wayo" kamar amsawa ta atomatik, bugun kira ta atomatik, da hanyoyin "sarrafawar nesa". Tallace-tallacen 1980 na US Robotics Phone Link Acoustic Modem ya jaddada garantin sa, fasali na bincike, da ƙaya mai tsayi: “Sleek… Shuru… Abin dogaro.”

Don tsira, masu yin modem na farko na PC sun sayar da fiye da modem.

Dole ne su sayar da ƙimar samun kan layi kwata-kwata. A yau, sadarwar yanar gizo shine tsakiyar gwaninta na kwamfuta na sirri - za ku iya tunanin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba tare da WiFi ba? - amma a karshen shekarun 1970, masu kwamfuta ba su ga na'urorinsu a matsayin na'urorin sadarwa ba. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi na al'ada, masu yin modem upstart sun kafa samfuran su azaman ƙofofin zuwa wani nau'i na kwamfuta daban-daban. Kamar kwamfutar gida da kanta, an sayar da modem azaman fasahohi masu canzawa, na'urorin lantarki masu amfani tare da yuwuwar canza rayuwar ku. Novation, wanda ya fara motsi a cikin wannan wasan furucin, ya yi alkawarin cewa gunkin modem ɗin sa na baƙar fata, Cat, zai “daura ku cikin duniya.” Hayes soon ya ɗauki irin wannan harshe, yana kwatanta Micromodem II a matsayin fasaha mai karya iyaka wanda zai "buɗe Apple II ga duniyar waje." Kada ka manta cewa waɗannan "duniya" ba su wanzu ba a cikin 1979. Kasuwancin Modem ya haifar da kyakkyawar hangen nesa na nan gaba, wanda aka kera musamman don masu sha'awar kwamfuta. Maimakon tuƙi zuwa wurin shakatawa na ofis ko hawan jirgin ƙasa, masu haɗin modem za su kasance farkon ma'aikatan bayanai masu cin gashin kansu: sadarwar wayar tarho zuwa tarurruka, buga cikin bayanan nesa, da musanya fayiloli tare da sauran "mutane na kwamfuta" a duniya. A cewar Novation, yuwuwar amfani da modem kamar Cat ba su da iyaka.

A aikace, 300 bits a cikin dakika bai yi kama da jinkirin ba. A zahiri, kewayon sabis na kan layi da ake samu ga masu microcomputer a cikin 1980 sun kasance abin ban mamaki, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙananan lambobi. Modem mai jituwa da Bell kamar Pennywhistle ko Novation Cat ya ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan bayanai kamar Dialog da Dow Jones, da sabis na sadarwa kamar CompuServe da The Source. Duk da jin daɗin da ake yi, ƙananan na'urori masu amfani da kwamfuta kawai na iya zama wani lokaci kamar ba su da ƙarfi ga jama'a da aka tsara ta hanyar hangen nesa na "kwakwalwar duniya" masu iko duka. Duk da haka, kamar yadda wani mai ba da gudummawar Byte ya faɗi, ƙwarewar yin amfani da sabis na “dawowar bayanai” kan layi yana jin kamar tuntuɓar magana ta lantarki. Maganar ta karɓi tambayoyin akan kusan kowane maudu'i - "daga aardvarks zuwa zymurgy" - kuma amsoshin sun yi kama da nan take. "Menene darajar lokacin ku?" ya tambayi wani marubucin Byte, yana kwatanta faɗin da saurin rumbun adana bayanai na kan layi zuwa “laburaren jama’a da aka tanadar.” Bugu da ƙari, bincika bayanan bayanan lantarki abu ne mai daɗi. Wakilin Dialog ya kwatanta binciken tsarinsa da yin "kasada" kuma ya yi dariya cewa "ba ta da takaici sosai" fiye da wasan kwamfuta mai suna iri ɗaya. Lallai, yawancin masu amfani da modem na farko sun yarda cewa maido da bayanan kan layi shine ƙa'idar kisa wacce ke haɓaka ikon mallakar kwamfuta a cikin al'ada.

Amma duk da haka ba samun damar yin amfani da wasu na'urori ba ne, sai dai samun damar yin amfani da wasu mutane ne ya haifar da karɓar modem na waya tsakanin masu ƙananan kwamfutoci. Kamar yadda imel ya ci gaba da jin daɗin al'umma a tsakanin masu bincike na ARPANET da raba lokaci ya kawo dubban malamai da ɗalibai na Minnesota cikin haɗin gwiwa, modems na bugun kira ya taimaka wajen haɓaka hanyar sadarwa na masu sha'awar microcomputer. Yayin da masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na lokaci suna son shiga kwamfutar ta tsakiya ta hanyar “bebe”, masu amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwa na microcomputer galibi suna buga a kan na'ura mai kwakwalwa. A wasu kalmomi, an sami daidaito tsakanin masu amfani da rundunonin cibiyoyin sadarwar microcomputer. Na'ura iri ɗaya - microcomputer da modem - waɗanda ake amfani da su don bugawa cikin BBS ana iya sake yin su don ɗaukar ɗaya. Microcomputers sun fi tsada fiye da tashoshi masu sauƙi, amma sun fi rahusa fiye da ƙananan kwamfutoci da aka tura a cikin yanayin raba lokaci na zamani.

Kamar yawancin magoya baya da masu sha'awar sha'awa, masu sha'awar kwamfuta sun yi sha'awar haɗi tare da wasu waɗanda suka raba sha'awar su ga fasaha ta hannu. Labarai da bayanai game da sadarwar tarho sun bazu ta hanyar sadarwar da ta riga ta kasance ta kulab ɗin kwamfuta na yanki, baje koli, wasiƙun labarai, da mujallu. A farkon 1979, tashin farko na masu modem suna ganawa akan tsarin allo kamar CBBS a Chicago da ABBS a San Diego don magana game da sha'awarsu. A cikin labarin 1981 na InfoWorld, Craig Vaughan, mahaliccin ABBS, ya kwatanta waɗannan shekarun farko a matsayin farkawa: “Ba zato ba tsammani, kowa yana magana game da modem, abin da ya karanta akan irin wannan allon sanarwa, ko kuma wanne ne madadin Ma. Bell… ya kasance mafi dogaro ga sadarwar bayanai mai nisa. ” A shekara ta 1982, daruruwan BBSs suna aiki a ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amirka, kuma batutuwan tattaunawa sun girma fiye da sha'awar kwamfuta kanta. Kwatanta al'adun shiga na BBS zuwa rediyo mai son, Vaughan ya yi jayayya cewa modem sun canza kwamfutar daga kayan aikin kasuwanci zuwa matsakaici don bayyana sirri. Gudun haɗin haɗin gwiwa bai rage jinkirin yaduwar duniyar modem ba.

Gaskiya ga ainihin kwatanci na “allon bulletin ɗin kwamfuta,” duk farkon BBSs sun ba da mahimman ayyuka guda biyu: karanta tsoffin saƙonni ko aika sabon saƙo. A wannan mataki na furotin, bambanci tsakanin "fayil" da "saƙonni" na iya zama da ban tsoro. A cikin 1983 yadda ake yin littafi don masu haɓaka software na BBS, Lary Myers ya bayyana nau'ikan fayiloli guda uku waɗanda masu amfani za su iya samun damar: saƙo, bulletins, da zazzagewa. Yayin da aka adana duka ukun kuma aka watsa su azaman jerin haruffan ASCII, Myers ya bambanta "fayil ɗin saƙo" azaman ma'anar fasalin BBS. Akwai dare da rana, fayil ɗin saƙon ya ba da “allon lantarki” ga jama'ar masu kira: wurin buga sanarwa, tambayoyi, ko sharhi "don amfanin kowa." Misalin Myers na yau da kullun, wanda aka rubuta a cikin BASIC, ya gano kowane saƙo ta lamba ta musamman kuma ya adana duk saƙon akan tsarin a cikin fayil ɗin shiga bazuwar. Wani sharhi a lambar Myers ya nuna cewa saƙonni tamanin za su zama madaidaicin madaidaicin tsarin da ke aiki akan TRS-80. Mai kira zuwa irin wannan tsarin ya nemi saƙonni ta hanyar buga lambobi a madannai na su, kuma tsarin ya dawo da jerin haruffa masu dacewa daga fayil ɗin saƙon. Sabbin saƙonnin an haɗa su zuwa ƙarshen fayil ɗin saƙon, kuma lokacin da aka kai matsakaicin adadin saƙonni, tsarin kawai ya rubuta akan tsoffin. Kamar flyers a kan allo, ba a sa ran saƙonnin da ke kan BBS su tsaya har abada ba.