Yadda NASA zata iya kare 'yan sama jannati na gobe daga zurfafan hasken sararin samaniya

TGa shi, ko daga ko , ko . Kuma mutuwa ta hanyar radiation.

Waɗancan ƙaƙƙarfan hayaki ɗaya daga tauraron mu na gida waɗanda ke ba ku tangar tan idan ba haka ba . Yayin da ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa na yau da kullun na kewayawa na duniya da capsules na kaya bazai zo sanye da ƙaramin magnetospheres na nasu ba, ƙarfin gobe - ko wataƙila za mu kare masu binciken sararin samaniya na farko na ɗan adam daga radiation interstellar ta hanyar. .

Nau'in Radiation da abin da za a yi game da su

Kamar shanyewar jiki da jama'a, akwai nau'o'i daban-daban da tushen radiation duka na duniya da na sararin samaniya. Radiyoyin da ba su da ionizing, ma'ana zarra ba su da isasshen kuzari don cikar cire electron daga kewayenta, ana iya samun su a cikin microwaves, kwararan fitila, da Barbashin Ƙarfafa Solar Energetic (SEP) kamar . Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan radiation na iya lalata kayan aiki da tsarin ilimin halitta, galibi ana toshe tasirin su (saboda haka hasken rana da microwaves waɗanda ba sa haskaka dakunan dafa abinci duka) ko kuma an duba su ta hanyar Ozone Layer ko .

Belin radiation na duniya suna cike da barbashi masu kuzari da filin maganadisu na duniya ya rutsa da su wanda zai iya yin barna da na'urorin lantarki da muka aika zuwa sararin samaniya. Kiredit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio/Tom Bridgman

Ionizing radiation, a daya bangaren, yana da kuzari don zubar da na'urar lantarki kuma babu wani abu da yawa da zai iya rage ƙarfinsu mai inganci. Alfa da beta barbashi, Gamma haskoki, X-rays da Galactic Cosmic Rays, “nauyi masu nauyi, ions masu ƙarfi na abubuwa waɗanda aka cire duk electrons ɗin su yayin da suke tafiya cikin galaxy a kusan saurin haske,” . "GCR shine tushen tushen radiation wanda dole ne a yi maganinsa tare da jiragen sama na yanzu da kuma ayyukan sararin samaniya na gaba a cikin tsarin hasken rana." Ƙarfin GCR ya yi daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfin filin maganadisu na Rana, ma'ana sun fi ƙarfi lokacin da filin Rana ya kasance mafi rauni kuma mafi ƙarancin iya karkatar da su.

Duk da bambancin yanayin su, duka GCR da SEP tare da jikinmu na halitta da kansu. Ci gaba da bama-bamai na su yana da mummunan tasiri akan ilimin halittar ɗan adam wanda ke haifar da ba kawai a cikin ciwon daji ba amma cataracts, lalacewar jijiya, maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta, da rashin lafiya mai tsanani idan adadin ya yi yawa. Don kayan, barbashi masu ƙarfi da photons na iya haifar da "lalacewa na ɗan lokaci ko gazawar kayan aikin kumbo ko na'urori," in ji Zicai Shen na Cibiyar Injiniyan Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Beijing a cikin 2019's. .

"A hankali barbashi da aka caje suna rasa kuzari yayin da suke wucewa ta cikin kayan, kuma a ƙarshe, suna ɗaukar isassun adadin electrons don tsayawa," in ji su. "Lokacin da kauri na kayan kariya ya fi girma da kewayon ɓarke ​​​​da aka caje a cikin kayan, za a toshe barbashin abin da ya faru a cikin kayan."

Yadda NASA ke kare 'yan sama jannati a halin yanzu

Domin tabbatar da cewa 'yan sama jannatin na gobe sun isa duniyar Mars da dukkan hakora da farcensu, NASA ta kwashe kusan shekaru arba'in tana tattara bayanai da kuma nazarin illolin da radiation ke yi a jikin dan adam. Hukumar ta (SRAG) a Johnson Space Center, bisa ga gidan yanar gizon sa, "mai alhakin tabbatar da cewa hasken hasken da 'yan sama jannati suka samu ya kasance a kasa. . "

, “Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici ga mutum shine kusan 360 mrems a kowace shekara, ko 3.6 mSv, wanda shine ƙaramin kashi. Koyaya, ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa suna ba da damar ɗaukar hoto zuwa kusan 5,000 mrems (50 mSv) a shekara ga waɗanda ke aiki tare da kewaye da kayan aikin rediyo. Don jirgin sama, iyaka ya fi girma. Iyakar NASA don bayyanar da radiation a cikin ƙananan duniya yana da 50 mSv / shekara, ko 50 rem / shekara."

Jami'an SRAG's Space Environment Officers (SEOs) suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa 'yan saman jannatin za su iya samun nasarar kammala aikinsu ba tare da ɗaukar RAD da yawa ba. Suna la'akari da nau'o'in yanayi daban-daban da abubuwan da ke faruwa a lokacin jirgin sama - ko 'yan saman jannatin suna cikin LEO ko a saman duniyar wata, ko sun zauna a cikin kumbon sararin samaniya ko yin tafiya ta sararin samaniya, ko - hadawa da samfurin wannan bayanin tare da bayanan da aka tattara daga har da , don yanke shawararsu.

The a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Goddard, tana yin aiki iri ɗaya da SRAG amma don tsarin injina, yana aiki don haɓaka ingantaccen garkuwa da ƙarin kayan aiki masu ƙarfi don amfani a cikin kewayawa.

"Za mu iya tabbatar da cewa mutane, na'urorin lantarki, jiragen sama da na'urori - duk abin da muke aika zuwa sararin samaniya - za su tsira a cikin yanayin da muke sanya shi," in ji Megan Casey, injiniyar sararin samaniya a cikin REAG a cikin wata sanarwa. . "Bisa ga inda za su, muna gaya wa masu zanen mishan yadda yanayin sararin samaniya zai kasance, kuma sun dawo mana da shirye-shiryen kayan aikin su kuma suna tambaya, 'Shin waɗannan sassa za su tsira a can?' Amsar ita ce eh, a'a, ko kuma ban sani ba. Idan ba mu sani ba, lokacin ne muke yin ƙarin gwaji. Wannan shi ne mafi yawan ayyukanmu."

Binciken NASA zai ci gaba da faɗaɗa duk lokacin aikin Artemis mai zuwa. , Dukansu roka na SLS da kumbon Orion za su kasance masu kayatarwa tare da na'urori masu auna matakan radiation a sararin samaniya fiye da wata - musamman kallon bambance-bambancen matakan dangi fiye da Van Allen Belts na Duniya. Bayanan da aka tattara da kuma darussan da aka koya daga waɗannan jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na farko za su taimaka wa injiniyoyin NASA su gina ingantattun jiragen sama masu kariya a nan gaba.

Kuma da zarar an gina shi a ƙarshe, ma'aikatan za su hau zai kula da faffadan firikwensin firikwensin radiation, gami da , An ƙirƙira don a hankali da ci gaba da auna matakan cikin tashar yayin da yake kewaya duniyar wata na tsawon mako guda.

"Fahimtar tasirin yanayin radiation ba wai kawai yana da mahimmanci ga sanin yanayin da 'yan saman jannati za su zauna a kusa da wata ba, amma kuma zai samar da muhimman bayanai da za a iya amfani da su yayin da NASA ke shirin yin wani abu mafi girma, kamar aika da Dina Contella, manajan Haɗin Kan Ofishin Jakadancin Gateway da Amfani, ya ce a cikin duniyar Mars. .

NASA na iya amfani da kumfa na maganadisu a nan gaba

Tafiya ta gobe zuwa sararin samaniya, inda GCR da SEP suka fi yawa, za su buƙaci ƙarin kariya fiye da yanayin fasahar kayan kariya na yau da kullun da hasashen hasashen yanayi na sararin samaniya. Kuma tun da magnetosphere na duniya ya tabbatar da amfani sosai, masu bincike tare da Hukumar Turai (CORDIS) sun yi bincike don ƙirƙirar ƙaramin ƙarami wanda zai dace a cikin jirgin ruwa, wanda ake yiwa lakabi da Garkuwar Radiation Superconducting Shield (SR2S).

Shirin SR2.7S na Yuro miliyan 2, wanda ya gudana daga 2013 zuwa 2015, ya faɗaɗa kan ra'ayin yin amfani da maɗaukakiyar maganadisu don samar da filin ƙarfin maganadisu mai hana radiation wanda tsohon injiniyan sararin samaniya na Nazi Wernher von Braun ya fara ƙirƙira a 1969. Filin maganadisu zai samar. zama fiye da sau 3,000 mafi maida hankali fiye da wanda ke kewaye da Duniya kuma zai shimfiɗa a cikin sararin mita 10.

"A cikin tsarin aikin, za mu gwada, a cikin watanni masu zuwa, raunin tseren tsere tare da tef ɗin superconducting MgB2," Bernardo Bordini, mai gudanarwa na ayyukan CERN a cikin tsarin aikin SR2S. . "An ƙirƙiri samfurin nada don ƙididdige tasirin fasahar garkuwar maganadisu mai ƙarfi."

Ba zai toshe duk radiation mai shigowa ba, amma zai iya tantance nau'ikan da suka fi lalacewa, kamar GCR, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar kariya mai ƙarfi kamar ruwa ta hanyar colander. Ta hanyar rage yawan adadin da 'yan sama jannati ke fuskantar radiation, za su iya yin aiki a kan ayyuka na tsawon lokaci kafin su kai ga iyakar bayyanar da NASA ta rayuwa.

Dokta Riccardo Musenich, manajan kimiyya da fasaha na aikin ya ce "Kamar yadda magnetosphere ke karkatar da hasken sararin samaniya da ke fuskantar duniya, filin maganadisu da wani babban maganadisu da ke kewaye da kumbon da ke kewaye da kumbon zai kare matukan jirgin," in ji Dokta Riccardo Musenich, manajan kimiyya da fasaha na aikin. a cikin 2014. "SR2S shine aikin farko wanda ba wai kawai yayi bincike akan ka'idoji da matsalolin kimiyya ba (na garkuwar maganadisu), amma kuma yana fuskantar matsaloli masu rikitarwa a aikin injiniya."

An riga an gina manyan coils guda biyu kuma an gwada su. don gina maganadisu masu nauyi amma wannan bincike ne na farko, ku kula. Ƙungiyar CORDIS ba ta tsammanin wannan fasaha za ta iya shiga sararin samaniya har tsawon shekaru biyu.

Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison na Sashen Astronomy sun tashi kwanan nan game da haɓaka nau'in nasu na ra'ayin CORDIS. Su Aikin (CREW HaT), wanda ya sami tallafin ƙididdiga daga shirin NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) a watan Fabrairu, yana amfani da "sabuwar fasahar tef mai ƙarfi, ƙirar da za a iya turawa, da sabon tsari don filin maganadisu wanda ba a bincika ba a baya," a cewar UWM mataimakin farfesa kuma marubucin bincike, Dr. Elena D'Onghia ta fada a Mayu.

"Ba a taɓa yin bincike game da ilimin lissafi na HaT ba a cikin wannan mahallin ko yin nazari tare da kaset na zamani," in ji ta. . “Yana karkatar da sama da kashi 50 na haskoki masu lahani na ilmin halitta (protons da ke ƙasa da 1 GeV) da ions mai ƙarfi-Z. Wannan ya isa ya rage adadin radiation da 'yan sama jannati ke sha zuwa matakin da bai kai kashi 5 cikin dari na yawan haɗarin mace-mace na rayuwa ba da NASA ta kafa."

Ko kuma 'yan sama jannati na iya sanya rigunan gubar don kare masu zaman kansu

Amma me yasa za a yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya ta hanyar magnetically yayin da gaske ne kawai ɗimbin tarkace da kawunan da a zahiri ke buƙatar kariyar? Wannan shine ra'ayin bayan da (MARE).

An ƙera shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Isra'ila (ISA) da Cibiyar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Jamus (DLR), biyu daga cikin rigunan MARE za a ɗaure su a cikin manyan ma'auni iri ɗaya kuma za a harba su cikin sararin samaniya a cikin jirgin Orion wanda ba ya tashi. A cikin jirginsu na mako uku, mannequin, mai suna Helga da Zohar, za su yi tafiya mai nisan mil 280,000 daga Duniya da dubban mil bayan wata. An tsara abubuwan cikin su don yin koyi da ƙasusuwan ɗan adam da nama mai laushi, yana ba masu bincike damar auna takamaiman allurai na radiation da suke karɓa.

Nazarin 'yan uwanta a kan ISS, da (CHARGE), yana mai da hankali kaɗan akan tasirin rigar rad da ƙari akan ergonomics, dacewa da jin daɗin sa yayin da 'yan sama jannati ke gudanar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai tana kuma binciken garkuwar radiyon da ke tushen tufa , "Na'urar gaggawa da ke da nufin kare 'yan sama jannati daga zafin rana lokacin da suke fita daga magnetosphere akan ayyukan Deep Space na gaba."

Ko kuma mu jera tarkacen jirgin da ruwa da ruwa!

Matsakaici mai farin ciki tsakanin kusancin rashin jin daɗi na sanya rigar jagora a cikin microgravity da damuwa da ke tattare da yuwuwar samun synapses ɗin ku ta hanyar wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi ana kiranta da .

"Yanayi ba ya amfani da compressors, evaporators, lithium hydroxide canisters, oxygen kyandir, ko fitsari," Marc M. Cohen Arch.D, yayi jayayya a cikin takarda na 2013. . "Don yin aiki na dogon lokaci - kamar a cikin jirgin sama mai tsaka-tsaki, tashar sararin samaniya, ko tushen wata / duniyar duniyar - waɗannan tsarin injiniyoyi masu aiki sun kasance masu saurin gazawa saboda ci gaba da zagayowar aiki yana yin wahala."

Don haka, maimakon dogaro da na'urori masu nauyi da sarƙaƙƙiya don sarrafa kayan sharar da 'yan sama jannati ke fitarwa yayin aiki, wannan tsarin yana amfani da jakunkuna na osmosis waɗanda ke kwaikwayi nau'ikan hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa. Baya ga maganin launin toka da ruwan baki, waɗannan jakunkuna kuma za a iya daidaita su don goge CO2 daga iska, shuka algae don abinci da mai, kuma ana iya yin layi da ƙwanƙolin ciki na jirgin sama don samar da ingantacciyar kariya ta wuce gona da iri kan barbashi masu ƙarfi.

Marco Durante na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Darmstadt da ke Jamus ya shaidawa cewa "Ruwa ya fi karafa kyau don kariya [radiation]". . Wannan shi ne saboda kwayar zarra guda uku na kwayoyin ruwa ya ƙunshi fiye da yawa fiye da atom na ƙarfe don haka ya fi tasiri wajen toshe GCR da sauran haskoki masu ƙarfi, in ji shi.

Ma'aikatan jirgin da ke cikin shirin Inspiration Mars da aka tsara, wanda zai yi majajjawa wasu 'yan sama jannati masu zaman kansu a kusa da duniyar Mars a cikin wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa yayin da taurarin biyu suka kasance mafi kusanci a cikin 2018. Ba ku ji komai game da hakan ba saboda a hankali ya shiga cikin 2015. Amma da ko ta yaya suka cire wannan aikin, shirin shi ne a sa 'yan sama jannatin su shiga cikin jakunkuna, su fitar da ruwan don sake amfani da su sannan su tara shingen da aka rufe a jikin bangon jirgin - tare da akwatunansu. na abinci - don yin aiki azaman rufin radiation.

Taber MacCallum, wani memba na ƙungiyar sa-kai da Dennis Tito ya ba da tallafi ya ce: "Ƙarar sauti ce kaɗan, amma babu wurin da wannan kayan zai tafi, kuma yana ba da kariya ta radiation." New Scientist. "Za a adana abinci a kewayen bangon jirgin, saboda abinci yana da kyau garkuwar radiation." Yana da saurin jaunt zuwa duniyar gaba ta gaba, wa ke buƙatar famfo da abinci?