Ntaus Phau Ntawv: Yuav ua li cas lub neej hauv is taws nem zoo li ntawm 300 khoom ib ob

Raws li kev ntxhov siab rau qhov kev cia siab nws yuav zoo li, peb lub ntiaj teb tau muaj ua ntej kev tshaj xov xwm. Cov no yog qee lub sijhawm nthuav nrog nary ib qho tsis zoo ntawm Cheesecake Factory fare rau kev thuam, raws nraim xoom epic tsis luag thiab tsis muaj ib qho ntxim nyiam paw taum muaj rau ogling. Tsis muaj cov cim tseem ceeb txhua hnub! Peb nyob raws li qhov qis-bandwidth savages, huddled nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ci ci ntawm CRT saib thiab peb cov cackling, crackling teeb liab modulators, blissfully tsis paub txog lub zej zog upheaval no newfangled internet yuav ua rau.

Hauv nws phau ntawv tshiab, Lub Ntiaj Teb Modem: Ib qho Prehistory ntawm Social Media, tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws tshaj lij hauv Department of Media Studies ntawm University of Virginia, Kevin Driscoll tshuaj xyuas cov hnub halcyon hauv internet thaum ntxov - ua ntej txawm tias AOL Online - thaum BBS yog huab tais, WiFi tseem tsis tau muaj kev xav, thiab qhov ceev. ntawm kev xav hauv hluav taws xob topped tawm ntawm 300 baud.

Tshaj tawm ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Modem: Ib qho Prehistory ntawm Social Media los ntawm Kevin Driscoll. Tshaj tawm los ntawm Yale University Press. Copyright © 2022 los ntawm Kevin Driscoll. Txhua txoj cai.

Thaum ntxov, lub plawv dhia ntawm lub ntiaj teb modem pulsed ntawm ib tug khov kho 300 ntsis ib ob. Cov kwj ntawm cov lej binary ntws los ntawm lub xov tooj sib txuas hauv 7- thiab 8-ntsis chunks, lossis "bytes," thiab txhua byte sib raug rau ib tus cim ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Lub khoos phis tawj hauv tsev, txuas mus rau lub fuzzy CRT saib, tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog ib txhiab cim ib zaug, koom ua plaub caug kab thiab nees nkaum plaub kab. Ntawm 300 me ntsis ib ob, lossis 300 "baud," sau tag nrho lub vijtsam siv kwv yees li peb caug vib nas this. Cov ntawv nyeem tau tshwm sim sai dua yog tias ib tug neeg tau ntaus hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag, tab sis nws tsis yog sai sai.

Thaum xyoo 1970s lig, qhov ceev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txav mus los ntawm kev sib tham hauv xov tooj tau ua raws li cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm los ntawm Ma Bell ze li ob xyoo lawm ua ntej. Tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1960s, AT&T Data-Phone system qhia ib tug txhim khu kev qha txheej txheem rau ob-txoj kev, tshuab-rau-machine kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg siv-qib xov tooj. Txawm hais tias Data-Phone tau pib muag rau cov tuam txhab loj los pab txhawb kev sib txuas lus ntawm ntau yam haujlwm thiab ib qho chaw ua cov ntaub ntawv, nws soon tau dhau los ua tus qauv de facto rau kev lag luam sib koom cov kev pabcuam, cov ntaub ntawv online, thiab cov haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv xovtooj. Xyoo 1976, Lee Felsenstein ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tib Neeg tau tsim cov khoom siv DIY modem kev sib raug zoo nrog AT&T system rau qis dua $ 100. Thiab raws li cov tuam txhab thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li Hayes Microcomputer Products hauv Atlanta thiab US Robotics hauv Chicago tau pib muag modems rau kev lag luam hauv tsev, lawv tau lees paub cov neeg siv khoom ntawm lawv qhov sib xws nrog "Tswb 103" tus qauv. Ntau dua li kev sib tw ntawm kev nrawm, cov tuam txhab no muag cov neeg nyiam nyiam cov neeg siv khoom ntawm "ntse" nta xws li nws pib teb, nws pib-dial, thiab programmable "chaw taws teeb tswj" hom. Kev tshaj tawm xyoo 1980 rau US Robotics Phone Link Acoustic Modem tau hais txog nws qhov kev lees paub, kev kuaj mob, thiab kev zoo nkauj siab kawg: "Sleek… Quiet… Reliable."

Txhawm rau kom muaj sia nyob, cov neeg tsim khoom PC modem thaum ntxov yuav tsum tau muag ntau dua li modems.

Lawv yuav tsum tau muag tus nqi kom tau txais online txhua. Niaj hnub no, kev sib txuas lus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev paub ntawm tus kheej suav - koj puas tuaj yeem xav txog lub laptop tsis muaj WiFi? - tab sis nyob rau xyoo 1970s, cov tswv computer tseem tsis tau pom lawv lub tshuab ua cov khoom siv sib txuas lus. Tawm tsam qhov kev pom zoo no, upstart modem cov neeg tsim khoom pitched lawv cov khoom raws li lub rooj vag mus rau ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm kev suav. Zoo li lub khoos phis tawj hauv tsev nws tus kheej, modems tau muag raws li kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis, cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob nrog lub peev xwm los hloov koj lub neej. Novation, thawj tus neeg hloov pauv hauv qhov kev ua si rhetorical no, tau cog lus tias nws lub cim dub modem, Cat, yuav "txuas koj rau hauv ntiaj teb." Hayes soon tau txais cov lus zoo sib xws, piav qhia txog Micromodem II raws li kev siv thev naus laus zis uas yuav "qhib koj Apple II rau lub ntiaj teb sab nraud." Tsis txhob hnov ​​qab tias cov "ntiaj teb" no tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv 1979. Modem marketing conjured lub zeem muag ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej, tshwj xeeb crafted rau computer enthusiasts. Tsis txhob tsav tsheb mus rau qhov chaw ua si lossis caij tsheb ciav hlau, cov tswv modem yuav yog thawj tus neeg ua haujlwm cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm tus kheej: telecommuting rau cov rooj sib tham, hu mus rau cov chaw taws teeb tswj chaw taws teeb, thiab sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog lwm tus "cov neeg siv computer" thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Raws li Novation, lub peev xwm siv rau lub modem zoo li Cat yog "tsis muaj qhov kawg."

Hauv kev xyaum, 300 khoom ib ob tsis zoo li qeeb. Qhov tseeb, ntau yam kev pabcuam online muaj rau cov tswv microcomputer hauv xyoo 1980 yog qhov xav tsis thoob, muab lawv cov lej me me. Lub Tswb-tshaj modem zoo li Pennywhistle lossis Novation Cat tau nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb xws li Dialog thiab Dow Jones, nrog rau cov kev pabcuam kev sib txuas lus xws li CompuServe thiab The Source. Txawm hais tias hype, microcomputers ib leeg tuaj yeem qee zaum zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg rau pej xeem los ntawm kev pom ntawm txhua tus muaj zog, superhuman "lub hlwb hauv ntiaj teb." Txawm li cas los xij, raws li ib tus neeg koom nrog Byte tau hais, qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev siv online "cov ntaub ntawv rov qab" kev pabcuam zoo li kev sab laj ib qho hluav taws xob oracle. Lub oracle tau txais cov lus nug ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus - "los ntawm aardvarks mus rau zymurgy" - thiab cov lus teb zoo li tam sim ntawd. "Koj lub sijhawm muaj nqis dab tsi?" nug lwm tus kws sau ntawv Byte, sib piv qhov dav thiab nrawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv online rau "cov tsev qiv ntawv zoo rau pej xeem." Tsis tas li ntawd, tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hauv hluav taws xob tau lom zem. Tus neeg sawv cev rau Dialog piv rau kev tshawb nrhiav nws cov kab ke mus rau "kev lom zem" thiab tso dag tias nws "tsis tshua muaj kev ntxhov siab" dua li kev ua si hauv computer ntawm tib lub npe. Tseeb tiag, ntau tus tswv modem thaum ntxov tuaj ntseeg tias kev muab cov ntaub ntawv online yuav yog tus neeg tua neeg app txhawb nqa lub khoos phis tawj ua tswv rau hauv lub ntsiab.

Txawm li cas los xij nws tsis tau nkag mus rau lwm lub tshuab tab sis nkag mus rau lwm tus neeg uas thaum kawg tau tsav kev siv xov tooj modems ntawm cov tswv micro computer. Ib yam li email txhawb nqa kev xav hauv zej zog ntawm ARPANET cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kev sib koom sijhawm tau coj ntau txhiab tus kws qhia ntawv hauv Minnesota thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm los koom ua ke, hu xov tooj rau cov modems tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm microcomputer enthusiasts. Thaum cov neeg siv ntawm lub sij hawm sib koom tes hauj lwm nyiam nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab lub computer los ntawm "dub ruam" davhlau ya nyob twg, cov neeg siv ntawm microcomputer networks feem ntau lawv tus kheej ntaus ntawv ntawm microcomputer. Hauv lwm lo lus, muaj qhov sib luag ntawm cov neeg siv thiab cov tswv ntawm microcomputer networks. Tib lub cuab yeej - microcomputer thiab modem - siv los hu rau hauv BBS tuaj yeem rov ua dua los tuav ib qho. Microcomputers tau kim dua li cov terminals yooj yim, tab sis lawv pheej yig dua li cov khoos phis tawj me me uas tau siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev sib koom ua ke.

Zoo li ntau tus kiv cua thiab cov neeg nyiam, computer hobbyists tau mob siab rau txuas nrog lwm tus uas qhia lawv txoj kev mob siab rau kev siv tes ua technology. Xov xwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib tham hauv xov tooj tau nthuav tawm los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ntej ntawm cov koom haum hauv cheeb tsam hauv computer, kev ua yeeb yam, ntawv xov xwm, thiab cov ntawv xov xwm. Thaum pib ntawm 1979, thawj nthwv dej ntawm cov tswv modem tau ntsib ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm xws li CBBS hauv Chicago thiab ABBS hauv San Diego los tham txog lawv txoj haujlwm nyiam. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm 1981 rau InfoWorld, Craig Vaughan, tus tsim ntawm ABBS, qhia txog cov xyoo thaum ntxov no ua kev paub: "Thiab, txhua tus tau tham txog modems, lawv tau nyeem dab tsi ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm no, lossis lwm txoj hauv kev rau Ma Tswb… yog qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws rau kev sib txuas lus cov ntaub ntawv nyob deb. " Los ntawm 1982, ntau pua BBSs tau ua haujlwm thoob plaws hauv North America, thiab cov ncauj lus ntawm kev sib tham tau loj hlob dhau ntawm kev nyiam siv computer nws tus kheej. Muab piv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm BBSs rau cov xov tooj cua amateur, Vaughan tau sib cav tias modems hloov lub computer los ntawm cov cuab yeej ua lag luam mus rau qhov nruab nrab rau kev qhia tus kheej. Sluggish kev twb kev txuas ceev tsis tau qeeb kis ntawm lub ntiaj teb modem.

Muaj tseeb rau qhov piv txwv qub ntawm "lub rooj sib tham hauv computer," tag nrho cov BBSs thaum ntxov tau muab ob txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb: nyeem cov lus qub lossis tshaj tawm cov lus tshiab. Nyob rau theem protean no, qhov sib txawv ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv" thiab "cov lus" tuaj yeem yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Hauv xyoo 1983 phau ntawv yuav ua li cas rau BBS software tsim tawm, Lary Myers tau piav txog peb hom ntaub ntawv siv tau rau cov neeg siv: cov lus, ntawv xov xwm, thiab rub tawm. Thaum tag nrho peb tau khaws cia thiab xa mus ua ntu ntawm ASCII cov cim, Myers txawv "cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm" raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm BBS. Muaj nyob nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj, cov ntawv xov xwm tau muab "cov corkboard hluav taws xob" rau cov zej zog ntawm cov neeg hu xov tooj: qhov chaw tshaj tawm, cov lus nug, lossis cov lus hais "rau qhov zoo ntawm txhua tus." Myers qhov piv txwv niaj hnub, sau hauv BASIC, txheeb xyuas txhua cov lus los ntawm tus lej tshwj xeeb thiab khaws tag nrho cov lus ntawm lub kaw lus hauv ib daim ntawv nkag mus. Cov lus hais hauv Myers txoj cai qhia tias yim caum cov lus yuav yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau cov tshuab khiav ntawm TRS-80. Ib tus neeg hu xov tooj rau lub kaw lus no tau thov cov lus los ntawm kev ntaus cov lej ntawm lawv cov keyboard, thiab lub kaw lus tau muab cov cim sib txuas ntawm cov cim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov lus tshiab tau txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, thiab thaum cov lus tshaj plaws tau mus txog, lub kaw lus tsuas yog sau cov ntawv qub. Zoo li cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm lub corkboard, cov lus ntawm BBS tsis xav kom nyob mus ib txhis.