Yuav ua li cas NASA yuav tiv thaiv tag kis cov astronauts los ntawm qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus hluav taws xob

Tntawm no yog los ntawm los yog, los yog. Thiab yog tuag los ntawm hluav taws xob.

Cov tib lub zog emissions los ntawm peb lub hnub qub hauv zos uas muab rau koj tan tau yog tsis yog . Txawm tias niaj hnub no lub ntiaj teb qis orbit neeg coob thiab cargo capsules yuav tsis tuaj nruab nrog me me magnetospheres ntawm lawv tus kheej, tag kis lub zog - los yog tej zaum peb yuav cia li tiv thaiv tib neeg lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov tob tob explorers los ntawm interstellar hluav taws xob. .

Hom Radiation thiab yuav ua li cas txog lawv

Zoo li mob strokes thiab tib neeg, muaj ntau hom thiab qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob ob qho tib si hauv av thiab hauv qhov chaw. Tsis yog-ionizing hluav taws xob, txhais tau hais tias lub atom tsis muaj lub zog txaus kom tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob tawm ntawm nws lub orbit, tuaj yeem pom hauv microwaves, qhov muag teeb, thiab Hnub Ci Zog Particles (SEP) zoo li . Thaum cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob no tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv thiab cov kab mob lom, lawv cov teebmeem feem ntau tuaj yeem raug thaiv (li no tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub thiab microwaves uas tsis irradiate tag nrho chav ua noj) los yog tshuaj ntsuam los ntawm Ozone txheej los yog .

Lub ntiaj teb txoj siv hluav taws xob muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj zog los ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas peb xa mus rau qhov chaw. Cov qhab nia: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio / Tom Bridgman

Ionizing hluav taws xob, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog lub zog los tso cov hluav taws xob thiab tsis muaj ntau yam uas tuaj yeem ua rau lawv lub zog zoo. Alpha thiab beta particles, Gamma rays, X-rays thiab Galactic Cosmic Rays, "hnyav, siab-zog ions ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj tag nrho lawv cov electrons stripped tam sim ntawd thaum lawv taug kev los ntawm lub galaxy ntawm ze li ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb," . "GCR yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam nrog lub dav hlau tam sim no thiab chaw ua haujlwm yav tom ntej hauv peb lub hnub ci." GCR siv zog yog inversely proportional rau tus txheeb ze lub zog ntawm lub hnub lub magnetic teb, txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj zog tshaj thaum lub hnub lub teb yog nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj zog thiab tsawg tshaj plaws deflect lawv.

Txawm hais tias lawv qhov xwm txheej tsis sib xws, GCR thiab SEP nrog rau peb lub cev lom lawv tus kheej. Lawv qhov kev foob pob txuas ntxiv ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev uas ua rau tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav xwb tab sis kab mob cataracts, puas hlwb puas tsuaj, kab mob hloov pauv, thiab mob hluav taws xob mob hnyav yog tias koob tshuaj ntau txaus. Rau cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab thiab photons tuaj yeem ua rau "kev puas tsuaj ib ntus lossis ua tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau lossis cov khoom siv," Zicai Shen ntawm Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering sau tseg hauv 2019's .

"Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob maj mam poob lub zog thaum lawv dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab thaum kawg, ntes cov hluav taws xob txaus kom nres," lawv ntxiv. "Thaum lub thickness ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog yog ntau dua li qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov xwm txheej yuav raug thaiv hauv cov khoom."

Yuav ua li cas NASA tam sim no tiv thaiv nws cov astronauts

Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias tag kis cov neeg taug kev tuaj txog ntawm Mars nrog tag nrho lawv cov hniav thiab cov ntiv tes tsis zoo, NASA tau siv sijhawm ze li plaub xyoos los sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kawm txog cov teebmeem hluav taws xob muaj rau tib neeg lub cev. Lub koom haum (SRAG) ntawm Johnson Space Center yog, raws li nws lub vev xaib, "lub luag haujlwm los xyuas kom meej tias cov hluav taws xob tau txais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv qab no tseem nyob hauv qab no. . "

, "Qhov nruab nrab koob tshuaj rau ib tug neeg yog li ntawm 360 mrems ib xyoos twg, los yog 3.6 mSv, uas yog ib koob me me. Txawm li cas los xij, Cov Txheej Txheem Thoob Ntiaj Teb tso cai rau ntau li 5,000 mrems (50 mSv) ib xyoos rau cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog thiab nyob ib puag ncig cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Rau spaceflight, qhov txwv yog siab dua. NASA txwv tsis pub muaj hluav taws xob nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb qis yog 50 mSv / xyoo, lossis 50 rem / xyoo. "

SRAG's Space Environment Officers (SEOs) tau ua hauj lwm los xyuas kom meej tias cov astronauts tuaj yeem ua tiav lawv lub luag haujlwm yam tsis tau nqus ntau RADs. Lawv coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam ib puag ncig thiab xwm txheej tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub spaceflight - seb cov astronauts nyob rau hauv LEO los yog nyob rau hauv lub lunar nto, txawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub spacecraft los yog taug kev nyob rau hauv lub spacewalk, los yog - sib txuas thiab qauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm raws li zoo raws li , kom lawv txiav txim siab.

cov ntawm Goddard Space Flight Center, ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li SRAG tab sis rau cov tshuab siv tshuab, ua haujlwm los tsim kev tiv thaiv zoo dua thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog dua rau kev siv hauv orbit.

"Peb yuav muaj peev xwm ua kom ntseeg tau tias tib neeg, hluav taws xob, lub dav hlau thiab cov cuab yeej - txhua yam uas peb tau xa mus rau qhov chaw - yuav muaj sia nyob hauv ib puag ncig peb tau muab tso rau hauv," Megan Casey, tus kws tshaj lij aerospace hauv REAG tau hais hauv ib tsab ntawv. . "Raws li lawv yuav mus qhov twg, peb qhia rau cov neeg tsim qauv qhia seb lawv qhov chaw ib puag ncig yuav zoo li cas, thiab lawv rov qab los rau peb nrog lawv cov phiaj xwm ntsuas thiab nug, 'Puas yog cov khoom no yuav ciaj sia nyob ntawd?' Cov lus teb yeej ib txwm yog, tsis yog, lossis kuv tsis paub. Yog tias peb tsis paub, qhov ntawd yog thaum peb ua qhov kev sim ntxiv. Qhov ntawd yog feem ntau ntawm peb txoj haujlwm. "

NASA txoj kev tshawb fawb yuav txuas ntxiv thiab nthuav dav thoob plaws lub sijhawm Artemis lub hom phiaj yav tom ntej. , ob qho tib si SLS foob pob hluav taws thiab lub Orion spacecraft yuav tsum outfitted nrog sensors ntsuas hluav taws xob theem nyob rau hauv qhov tob tob tshaj lub hli - tshwj xeeb yog saib ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheeb ze theem dhau lub ntiaj teb Van Allen Belts. Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg thiab cov lus qhia tau kawm los ntawm cov kev ya davhlau tsis tau pib no yuav pab NASA cov kws ua haujlwm tsim kho kom zoo dua qub, tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ntau dua yav tom ntej.

Thiab thaum nws ua tiav tau tsim, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv nkoj yuav tuav ib tug expansive hluav taws xob sensor suite, nrog rau cov , tsim los ua tib zoo ntsuas thiab txuas ntxiv ntsuas qib hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb vim nws ua rau nws lub lim tiam-ntev oblong orbit ncig lub hli.

"Kev nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig hluav taws xob tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev paub txog ib puag ncig uas cov neeg caij nkoj yuav nyob ze ntawm lub hli, tab sis nws tseem yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem siv tau raws li NASA npaj rau kev siv zog ntau dua, xws li xa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. thawj tib neeg mus rau Mars, "Dina Contella, tus thawj coj ntawm Gateway Mission Integration thiab Utilization, tau hais hauv .

NASA tej zaum yuav siv cov npuas sib nqus rau yav tom ntej

Tag kis txoj kev taug kev mus rau hauv qhov chaw sib txuas, qhov twg GCR thiab SEP muaj ntau dua, yuav xav tau kev tiv thaiv ntau dua li lub xeev tam sim no ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab chaw huab cua huab cua kev kwv yees tuaj yeem xa. Thiab txij li lub ntiaj teb nws tus kheej magnetosphere tau ua pov thawj zoo heev, cov kws tshawb fawb nrog European Commission (CORDIS) tau tshawb fawb tsim ib qho me me kom haum rau ntawm lub dav hlau, hu ua Space Radiation Superconducting Shield (SR2S).

Qhov kev pab cuam € 2.7 lab SR2S, uas tau khiav los ntawm 2013 txog 2015, tau nthuav dav ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv cov hlau nplaum superconducting los tsim cov hluav taws xob nres hlau nplaum ua ntej tsim los ntawm ex-Nazi aerospace engineer Weernher von Braun hauv 1969. muaj ntau dua 3,000 npaug ntau dua li qhov ib puag ncig lub ntiaj teb thiab yuav nthuav tawm hauv 10-meter sphere.

"Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm qhov project, peb yuav sim, nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no lub hlis, ib tug racetrack coil raug mob nrog ib tug MgB2 superconducting daim kab xev," Bernardo Bordini, coordinator ntawm CERN kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm SR2S project, . "Cov qauv kauj yog tsim los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib nqus tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv superconducting."

Nws yuav tsis thaiv tag nrho cov hluav taws xob tuaj, tab sis yuav ua tau zoo tshuaj xyuas cov kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj plaws, xws li GCR, uas ntws los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv zoo li dej los ntawm lub colander. Los ntawm kev txo qis tus nqi uas cov neeg caij dav hlau raug hluav taws xob, lawv yuav muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntau dua thiab ntev dua ua haujlwm ua ntej ntaus NASA qhov kev txwv lub neej.

"Raws li lub magnetosphere deflects cosmic rays coj mus rau lub ntiaj teb, lub magnetic teb generated los ntawm ib tug superconducting hlau nplaum nyob ib ncig ntawm lub spacecraft yuav tiv thaiv cov neeg coob," Dr Riccardo Musenich, scientific thiab technical manager rau qhov project, hais. nyob rau hauv 2014. "SR2S yog thawj qhov project uas tsis tsuas yog tshawb xyuas cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb (ntawm kev sib nqus shielding), tab sis nws tseem ntsib cov teeb meem nyuaj hauv engineering."

Ob lub superconducting coils twb tau tsim thiab sim, los tsim cov hlau nplaum sib sib zog nqus tab sis qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ua ntej, nco ntsoov koj. Pab pawg CORDIS tsis cia siab tias qhov thev naus laus zis no ua rau nws mus rau hauv qhov chaw rau ob peb xyoos dhau los.

Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Wisconsin-Madison Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Astronomy tsis ntev los no tau teeb tsa txog kev tsim lawv tus kheej version ntawm CORDIS lub tswv yim. Lawv (CREW HaT) qhov project, uas tau txais kev tsim qauv nyiaj txiag los ntawm NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) qhov kev pab cuam thaum Lub Ob Hlis, siv "cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tshiab, tsim qauv siv tau, thiab kev teeb tsa tshiab rau thaj chaw sib nqus uas tsis tau tshawb pom ua ntej," Raws li UWM tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ua thawj coj, Dr. Elena D'Onghia hais rau hauv Tsib Hlis.

"Lub HaT geometry yeej tsis tau tshawb nrhiav ua ntej hauv cov ntsiab lus no lossis tau kawm ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub superconductive," nws hais hauv . "Nws cuam tshuam ntau dua 50 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kab mob biology-ua puas cosmic rays (protons qis dua 1 GeV) thiab siab zog siab-Z ions. Qhov no yog qhov txaus los txo cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob uas nqus los ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj mus rau theem uas tsawg dua 5 feem pua ​​​​ntawm lub neej dhau los ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav uas tsim los ntawm NASA. "

Los yog astronauts yuav hnav cov tsho tiv no los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej

Tab sis vim li cas thiaj li dhau los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum encapsulating tag nrho spaceship thaum tiag tiag nws tsuas yog ib txhais tes ntawm lub cev thiab lub taub hau uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv? Qhov ntawd yog lub tswv yim qab lub (MARE).

Tsim los ntawm kev koom tes nrog ob lub Israeli Space Agency (ISA) thiab German Aerospace Center (DLR), ob lub MARE vests yuav raug strapped nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam mannequins thiab launched rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Orion uncrewed hli lub hom phiaj. Ntawm lawv lub davhlau peb lub lis piam, tus mannequins, hu ua Helga thiab Zohar, yuav taug kev li 280,000 mais ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab ntau txhiab mais dhau lub hli. Lawv cov innards yog tsim los ua rau tib neeg cov pob txha thiab cov nqaij mos, ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb los ntsuas cov kab mob tshwj xeeb uas lawv tau txais.

Nws cov kwv tij kawm nyob rau hauv ISS, lub (CHARGE), tsom tsawg dua ntawm lub tsho khuam lub tsho tiv thaiv kev ua tau zoo thiab ntau dua ntawm ergonomics, haum thiab xav txog nws thaum cov neeg caij nkoj mus txog lawv cov dej num txhua hnub. Lub koom haum European Space Agency tseem tab tom tshawb xyuas tsoos tsho-raws li hluav taws xob tiv thaiv nrog cov , "cov khoom siv xwm txheej kub ntxhov uas lub hom phiaj los tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub los ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hnyav thaum taug kev tawm ntawm magnetosphere rau yav tom ntej Deep Space missions."

Los yog peb mam li kab lub nkoj hull nrog dej thiab poo!

Ib qho kev zoo siab nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm qhov tsis xis nyob ntawm kev hnav ib lub apron coj hauv microgravity thiab kev txhawj xeeb ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm muaj koj cov synapses scrambled los ntawm lub zog electromagnet hu ua .

"Txoj kev siv tsis muaj compressors, evaporators, lithium hydroxide canisters, oxygen tswm ciab, los yog tso zis processors," Marc M. Cohen Arch.D, sib cav nyob rau hauv 2013 daim ntawv . "Rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev heev - xws li nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau interplanetary, chaw nres tsheb, lossis lunar / planetary puag - cov tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob zoo li no yuav tsis ua haujlwm vim tias lub luag haujlwm tsis tu ncua ua rau kev saib xyuas nyuaj."

Yog li, tsis yog cia siab rau cov cuab yeej hnyav thiab nyuaj los ua cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg uas cov neeg caij nkoj tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem no siv cov hnab osmosis uas ua raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej txoj kev ua kom huv dej. Ntxiv nrog rau kev kho cov dej grey thiab cov dej dub, cov hnab no kuj tuaj yeem hloov kho rau CO2 los ntawm huab cua, loj hlob algae rau zaub mov thiab roj, thiab tuaj yeem ua kab tawm tsam sab hauv ntawm lub dav hlau los muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv cov khoom muaj zog.

Marco Durante ntawm Technical University of Darmstadt hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees hais tias "Dej zoo dua cov hlau rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob,". . Qhov no yog vim hais tias peb-atom nucleus ntawm cov dej molecule muaj ntau tshaj li ib tug hlau atom thiab yog li ntawd nws yog zoo dua los thaiv GCR thiab lwm yam high zog rays, nws hais ntxiv.

Cov neeg coob nyob rau hauv lub phiaj xwm Inspiration Mars, uas yuav muaj slingshot ib khub ntawm tus kheej astronauts nyob ib ncig ntawm Mars nyob rau hauv ib tug spectacular flyby thaum lub ob ntiaj chaw nyob rau ntawm lawv orbital ze tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv 2018. Koj tsis tau hnov ​​dab tsi txog qhov ntawd vim hais tias. ntsiag to mus nyob rau hauv 2015. Tab sis yog hais tias lawv ua li cas rub tawm qhov feat, lub hom phiaj yog kom cov astronauts poop rau hauv lub hnab, sophon tawm cov kua rau reused thiab tom qab ntawd pawg lub tshuab nqus tsev kaw shitbricks tiv thaiv phab ntsa ntawm lub spacecraft - nrog rau lawv lub thawv. ntawm cov khoom noj - ua raws li hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev.

Taber MacCallum, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov koom haum pab nyiaj los ntawm Dennis Tito tau hais tias "Nws tsis muaj suab nrov me ntsis, tab sis tsis muaj qhov chaw rau cov khoom ntawd mus, thiab nws ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tiv thaiv zoo," Tshiab tus paub txog. "Cov zaub mov yuav muab khaws cia thoob plaws hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub dav hlau, vim tias cov khoom noj muaj hluav taws xob zoo tiv thaiv." Nws tsuas yog qhov nrawm nrawm rau lub ntiaj teb tom ntej, leej twg xav tau cov kav dej thiab khoom noj?